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… the town, which was finally taken by the protestant Lesdiguières in 1585 and ruined. Under the protestant … Embrun was taken and stricken. The following year, Vauban visited it and set out a memo for the defence of the city. … was intended to replace the first should Mont-Dauphin not come to fruition. The first project was only partially …

… description A town of medieval origins, the Old Town (Vieille Ville) of Nancy had its first city fortifications built … urban wall of 1550. Only the porte Saint-Nicolas allowed communication between the two towns. The town-planning of … place Carrière and place Neuve today retrace the site of the rampart, which used to separate the two towns. A …

… had its first fortifications built in the 11th century, completed by a castle in 1140, separating the upper and … of France. Following its recapture by the Netherlands Burgundians, the third urban wall was constructed, including …

… several times during the following century before finally becoming a permanent part of France of Mazarin under the … the town. The urban wall remained however, from the middle Ages. In 1624, Louis XIII tasked Sublet de Noyers with … However the construction remained incomplete when Vauban visited in 1663. Accordingly, Vauban decided to gather …

… Thionville History and description Situated in a bend of the … the Good) conquered the town in 1443. The fortifications accommodated a restoration and the water was used more … of the foreign guards, supervised the construction on-site. In 1677, Vauban advocated the enlargement of the …

… formed along the road to Saint James of Compostela. It received its first urban wall in the 14th century. A castle of the kings of Navarre was mentioned in 1189. This … between the families of Aragon and d’Albret, and then surrounded by the current rectangular citadel in 1624-1627, under …

… La Rochelle History and description A town founded in the 10th … the engineer Francis Ferry, a colleague of Vauban, to the site to reconstruct the urban wall there. This construction site was completed in 1724. The new urban wall was far bigger than …

… New town of the Ancient Regime, founded on the site of a medieval castle, Rochefort came into existence from 1666. The first … Royal household, the seat of authority. The two other welcome the church and market hall. The architect Francis …

… Château du Taureau History and description A site occupied since the Antiquity, Morlaix remained without … was in 1540. At the time, it consisted of an artillery tower, named the tour Française, and a battery, the … by engineers Garangeau and Frézier. The fort was only completed in 1745, at the start of the war of Succession of …

… Amédée V and became the subject of numerous power struggles from 1305 to 1601, whereupon it was finally given to … its destruction during a siege in 1815. The July Monarchy completed the defensive installations with the construction … of a road tunnel under the fort saw all interest in the site as the location of a fort lost. fort Sébastien le …

… of the fort Lupin was decided on in 1683 by Louis XIV to complete the defensive set-up protecting the arsenal of … Louis XIV accepted the latter project. Construction got underway in 1685 and was completed in 1689, at the start of …

… Dunkerque (Dunkirk) History and description From a small … masonry urbanwall with twenty-eight towers. Having become a border town, Dunkirk kept its urban wall, said to be of Burgundy until 1640. Charles Quint later created an initial stronghold there in 1548. …

… of the Canche, was fortified since the 15th century. The Count of Helgaut, its owner, decided to construct two castel … the reign of Philippe Auguste, King of France. He used the site to construct a castle and reconstructed the ramparts, which were equipped with …

… It included a garrison, and depots for equipment and munitions to supplement the defence of other existing Alsace locations … to north-east), surrounded by a bastioned protective wall comprising seven relatively flat bastions and two hornworks, …

… The tour de Tatihou was constructed in 1694 on the île de Tatihou (isle of Tatihou), at the same time as the … intended to protect the roadstead of Saint-Vaast, which had come under attack following a French naval defeat in June … of the Manche, has been open to the public since 1992. The site is included on the World Heritage List as part of the …

… the name Collis Martis (following the presence of a temple dedicated to March), Colmars (or Colmars-les-Alpes) was … work on the two gates. The remainder of the urban wall was completed by the barbicans and machicolations. In 1692, … delegated the architect Niquet and engineer Richerand on site. Niquet restored the medieval urban wall and added five …

… in around 1684 in order to remedy a lack of water in Versailles. The Machine de Marly did not allow sufficient supply to … was one of the main obstacles on this route. To overcome it, it was decided to construct an aqueduct. The … of the valley. The penstocks were never laid, and the site was very rapidly used as a quarry for the local …

… for king Ferdinand of Aragon. It replaced a medieval castle taken by the French in 1496 and restored to Spain the … To enhance the defence, Lopez created an original fortress combining medieval and modern fortification. The castle was … the frontier. Transformed into a prison in 1682, Vauban visited it in 1685 and smoothed over the parapets in 1691, …

… initial project for Marsal in 1663. This project remained incomplete in 1679, at the time of his inspections. The porte de … to accommodate 1,400 soldiers in 1669 but was not completed until 1705, after their capacity had been reduced, a …

… Villefranche-de-Conflent History and description Situated at … the war of Devolution, the Knight Nicolas de Clerville completed a memoir on the need to fortify … since 1970. All are classed as historical monuments and the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List as part of the …