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… wall with projections and small curtain walls. The engineer Combes proceeded with constructions following the death of … from the Richelieu period and constructed two hornworks, one facing the town and equipped with a ravelin, and the … Current state The citadel and ramparts remain and can be visited. The citadel has been restored on two occasions: the …

… covered in the file of the same name. It is linked to one of the difficult aspects of this construction: crossing … and included on the World Heritage List, the place can be freely visited. … Mirepeysset …

… from the colour of the cement, in red brick. In 1795, a stone fire (to burn approaching ships) was constructed to … interpretation centre will be intended to encourage those visiting to discover the different fortifications present in … of the bay fortifications was recently set up. The tower is freely open for visits or guided tours from April to …

… escarpé dominant le fleuve Saint-Laurent et situé (comme son nom l’indique) « à l’endroit oů le fleuve se … les deux extrémités du nouveau rempart afin d’aménager des zones militaires, l’une vouée au casernement au nord, l’autre … résidences officielles du gouverneur général du Canada. La visite des fortifications et de la citadelle est possible en …

… by the Marshal de Thoiras. The citadel was a bastioned square fort but remained incomplete when the English … expansion did not get underway because there was a need for free sites to be used to set up reception camps for the … a city park and the small port of the citadel are open to visitors. The site is included on the World Heritage List as …

… and description A town founded around 1150, on a crest for sharing of waters between two tributaries of the Escaut, … ever since it first came into being. The first urban wall comprised crenelated walls with a protected walkway and … ravelins from fronts 6 to 8 would have to be reworked in stone, expanded and given tenailles, the counterguard of the …

… Fort-Louis History and description Fort-Louis-du-Rhin is one … to north-east), surrounded by a bastioned protective wall comprising seven relatively flat bastions and two hornworks, …

… had its first fortifications built in the 11th century, completed by a castle in 1140, separating the upper and … first urban wall was replaced in the 14th century by a stone wall. This urban wall did not prevent the town from … made to the modern fortifications were realized between 1526 and 1543 by the Spanish, but proved insufficient against …

… Ambleteuse History and description The first modern fortifications were erected at Ambleteuse in the 16th … supplies, etc.). A third artillery battery was added on one of the levels of the tower, in an arched annular … one first rampart flanked the tower. Work at the site was completed in 1690, during the war of the League of …

… Spanish frontier, the site of Socoa (the corner in Basque) comprised a cap formed by a rocky outcrop, said to be of the … the Spanish and finally destroyed in 1680 by a hurricane. One year after this catastrophe, Vauban visited Socoa in autumn 1681. He ordered the construction of …

… Don Juan del Aquila constructed a quadrangular bastioned fort there: the fort de l’Aigle. This fort was besieged … full bastions on its land-facing fronts. In 1683, Vauban visited the site. His opinion regarding the citadel and the … des Indes (East India Company museum). The urban wall is freely accessible. Port-Louis is relatively insignificant in …

… allow sufficient supply to the jets of water at Versailles. For this reason, Louis XIV and Louvois decided to divert the … incline of 15 centimetres per kilometre, including various zones: canal outdoors, on embankments, in tunnels and … was one of the main obstacles on this route. To overcome it, it was decided to construct an aqueduct. The …

… shortly after the siege of Brest by the English, one that Vauban had repelled. The site had already been … gate was included in this front. Within the ramparts, the complete set-up included barracks, a guardroom, food stores, … still stands. Private property since 1957, it can still be visited in summer and on special occasions. The isle is …

… was a need to protect the harbour of Saint-Vaast, which had come under attack following a French naval defeat in June … the set. The gate included crenelations for firing and a stone deadfall trap. Three kilometres away from the tour de … surrounding the tower. For some years, it has been open to visitors. The site, just like the nearby tour de Tatihou, is …

… part, which faced the valley, and which was rebuilt further forward to extend the town. In the 14th century, the count … projection towers. The current tour du Diable is one remaining example. This work allowed … the war of Devolution, the Knight Nicolas de Clerville completed a memoir on the need to fortify …

… (Three Heads fort). This fort was made up of three bastioned fronts turned toward the south-east and a hornwork … as part of the fortifications of Vauban. The urban wall is freely accessible all year round. Access to the Fort des … via guided tours. The other works are not currently open to visitors and preservation has proved problematic in many …

… its own Roman castrum in the 4th and 5th centuries. Abandoned under the Merovingians, and with at least one urban … The works were conducted by the engineer Ferry and completed in 1685. During this construction work, the … are classed as a historical monument. The ramparts can be visited either unaccompanied or with a guide if you contact …

… to convince those making the decisions, he himself fashioned a gully on the site in 1665. During the preliminary … The engineer Niquet continued in the same vein up until 1726. hydraulic construction Pierre-Paul Riquet, Louis-Nicolas … de France (Navigable Routes of France) and can be visited. The canal du Midi was inscribed on the World …

… received Sedan and the independent principality it had become under Henri II. The angles of the former castle … Under Henri III, the town was surrounded by a urban bastioned wall in 1577. Henri IV and the De Turenne improved the … known as Palatinat on its north-west flank, and can be visited. A hotel occupies the barracks. Numerous activities, …

… 1239 that it was replaced by a urban wall constructed in 1268. The tower became the rectangular keep of a castle, and … 1559 the transformation of Thionville into a genuine bastioned fortification, based on advice from a resident, Nicolas … which could be lowered in the event of floods and the river freezing up. Subsequently, a vaulted mezzanine floor linked …

… works. The bastion de Longueville, also known as the Quatre Coins (‘Four Corners’), was constructed under his reign … cardinal of Richelieu, the Prime Minister under Louis XIII, visited the site on 29 October 1636 and ordered the … For the remainder, he fixed the areas in decline and championed the installation of a significant contingent of cavalry …

… occupation (1633-1653), two counterguards were added, one to the north, the other to the south. In 1673, Vauban, … preserved the majority of its ramparts. These can easily be visited using numerous paths. Only the gates, the … and a part of the south bastion were demolished in 1926 to facilitate entry into the town. As regards the …

… ally of Francis I, had Navarrenx reconstructed as a bastioned fortress of the Navarre kingdom, to take on the Spain … a master mason from Bayonne. These constructions were completed around 1547 and were contemporary in comparison to … been transformed into private residences. All can also be visited. … Navarrenx …

… was twelve kilometres and the military properties covered one hundred and twenty hectares of land. During the Thirty … siege conducted by Louis XIV in person for Strasbourg to become French in 1681. After having captured the town, Vauban … residence and a military hospital also remain. Urban visit tours, guided or unaccompanied, are available. …

… the tour du Fanal. It was constructed in the form of a bastioned front with a curtain wall and central gate surrounded … in 1668 and was completed in 1674. Around 1670, Vauban visited the site of Marseille and was fiercely critical of … set-up of the fort Saint-Nicolas bisected by a roadway. The free space created as a result was redesigned as a venue for …

… on a site previously occupied by the Gauls. The first fortifications dated back to the 10th century. Small forts … been well preserved and surrounded the original nucleus comprising the eglise Notre-Dame-du-Saint-Cordon, the eglise … the escarpments of works were progressively made of stone from 1600 to 1654 and certain moats were deepened. From …

… to apply and direct in person. The construction was complete in 1670. The citadel that resulted was in the form of a square, positioned within a fortified pentagon, surrounded by moats and … a renovation project is currently being devised. Visits are possible to this citadel, which is included on …

… Bergante de Vervua thus constructed three bastions or bastioned towers, (known as Saint-Charles, Saint-Victor and … on the orders of Emmanuel-Philibert I of Savoy. A hornwork comprising two orillon bastions was built in front of the … county of Nice, ordered this construction in 1677. Vauban visited Nice for the first time in 1693, two years after it …

… edict in 1685. The engineer Francis Ferry was commissioned with designing the plans. In 1687, he submitted his … sites, between the former barracks and bastions. People can freely visit the grounds and the surroundings of the citadel. The …