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… adaptations for the purpose of powder artillery in around 1425 and ravelins were constructed between 1661 and 1667 by … fortifications there. The latter proceeded to have the medieval urban wall demolished and built what is the current … frame of two medieval gates is preserved. The construction commenced in 1679 and was completed in 1685. The new urban …

… has been fortified since at least the middle Ages. In the 14th century, the area of the urban wall and the medieval castle peaked. When the county of Nice was connected … on the orders of Emmanuel-Philibert I of Savoy. A hornwork comprising two orillon bastions was built in front of the …

… and gained the status of a royal city under Francis I in 1542. This nomination was motivated by the services rendered … the wars against Charles Quint, sovereign of Italy. The medieval fortifications and the castle built on top of the … and replaced the castle with the current citadel in 1624. In 1690, the war of the League of Augsburg and the Savoy …

… when canons set up there and skippers began to engage in commerce. A castle was added by the Lord of Avesnes between 1147 and 1170, in the form of a keep with skirt section. The … a covered way and constructed advanced defences. The medieval urban wall was partially replaced by modern …

… Atlantic Ocean, Bayonne had its own Roman castrum in the 4th and 5th centuries. Abandoned under the Merovingians, and … The works were conducted by the engineer Ferry and completed in 1685. During this construction work, the … wells, chapel, as well as a new gate. Twelve hundred soldiers would have been housed in its garrison. Other projects …

… île of Oléron from the continent. The War Minister Louvois commissioned Michel Begon, Intendant of Rochefort, with the … at the centre of the battery, sleeping quarters for soldiers and the arsenal on the first floor, food stock houses, … was finished and the main structure was completed in 1694. In 1755-1760, the fort was modified. The cannon …

… vaulted and linked by a spiral staircase. The garrison accommodated here included ten men and their captain. This … of the fort itself got underway and it surrounded the medieval tower. The engineer Raymond de Bonnefons directed the … has had an access staircase installed. Between 1636 and 1640, the two bastions were completed following an audit …

… constructed by the franchised local authorities in 1184. It included the suburbs of Saint-Gilles, de Bois, … Longuetown was modified. However, these projects remained incomplete at the time of his passing in 1610. The cardinal of … de Rambure was modernised. Under the Restoration, the medieval rampart between the porte de Macardé and the river …

… twice during the Late Antiquity, in 352 by the Alamans and 451 by the Huns, the town recovered under the Franks in the … during the Religious wars of the 16th century. The urban medieval wall was endowed with bastions and glacis. Its … siege conducted by Louis XIV in person for Strasbourg to become French in 1681. After having captured the town, Vauban …

… by a new one which enclosed them. This urban wall was completed in around the 16th century. The 1500s years thus saw the medieval keep transformed into a cavalier. The ramparts were … As de Pique). The whole set was constructed in around 1594-1597 by Louis de Gonzague, governor of the town. The …

… The dimensions of the urban wall were thus 1,100 metres by 400, flanked by forty-four semi-circular towers, and … channel to the sea. The urban wall was first adapted to accommodate artillery with the installation of new towers for … citadel was modified by completely doing away with the medieval castle which had surrounded it in one of its …

… built and elevated it to the rank of a town (in around 364-367). This was not enough to prevent it being pillaged by … been well preserved and surrounded the original nucleus comprising the eglise Notre-Dame-du-Saint-Cordon, the eglise … and Isabelle, governors of Spanish Netherlands, the last medieval sections of the ramparts were replaced with modern …

… was rebuilt further forward to extend the town. In the 14th century, the count of Cerdagne, Pierre le Cérémonieux … and knocked down four of the eight towers of the urban medieval wall in order to make the stronghold indefensible. … the war of Devolution, the Knight Nicolas de Clerville completed a memoir on the need to fortify …

… century, during the English occupation of Boulonnais (1540-1546). The port saw the creation of a pentagonal citadel … served as an artillery platform. The tower housed the soldiers’ quarters and the magazines they needed (powder, … one first rampart flanked the tower. Work at the site was completed in 1690, during the war of the League of …

… premier projet de citadelle, approuvé par Vauban en date du 4 novembre. Le chantier commence après l’annexion officielle de Bitche par la France … par le comte de Bombelle, est achevé pour l’essentiel en 1754. Elle se présente sous la forme d’une forteresse allongée …

… (some foundations of a Roman fort were found). A medieval castle replaced this initial fortification and has survived until the 16th century. In July 1524, the Spanish landed there for the first time and blocked … around the primitive castle. This construction was still incomplete however, when the Spanish gave the isle to the …

… initial project for Marsal in 1663. This project remained incomplete in 1679, at the time of his inspections. The porte … 1676. Work began on four barracks intended to accommodate 1,400 soldiers in 1669 but was not completed until 1705, after their …

… districts. It was the 15th century when the extent of the medieval fortifications reached its peak. At this time, … start of the 17th century, however, this protection had become insufficient. Besieged in 1668, the town was occupied … a cistern and an access road were constructed up until 1674. This was the year that saw the town besieged and retaken …

… work on the two gates. The remainder of the urban wall was completed by the barbicans and machicolations. In 1692, … and engineer Richerand on site. Niquet restored the medieval urban wall and added five bastioned towers to the …

… Château d’Oléron History and description A medieval town and main agglomeration of the island of the same … wall with projections and small curtain walls. The engineer Combes proceeded with constructions following the death of … modernised, but the construction remained incomplete. In 1741 and 1742, the façade of the main gate and the sleeping …

… Taken by France for the first time under Louis VII in 1224, it was only definitively attached to the kingdom under … were built under Louis XIII to replace a urban medieval wall razed to the ground in 1622. In 1625, the … The citadel was a bastioned square fort but remained incomplete when the English took over the isle in 1627, coming …

… Bergues History and description Medieval town, comprising two initial urban centres (the Saint-Winocq abbey … it lacked water-based protection. First conquered in 1646, the town would not fall conclusively into French hands …

… and the road of Prats-de-Mollo. The tour des Bains, of medieval origin, was demolished to make room for this fort. … a bastion at each angle. The covered way was added in 1674, during the war of Holland, which saw its construction … Vauban made some improvements but did not consider the complex to be a top priority. A project was set out in 1888 …

… de Bellegarde History and description The Bellegarde hill (420 m. alt.) dominates the Perthus pass (271 m.) perched on … however. In March 1668, the Knight of Clerville, Commissioner-General of the fortifications, visited the site … had its first French garrison installed, numbering fifty soldiers. This garrison had been in place for just one month …

… first wall with bastioned towers. Their construction was completed in 1692. Vauban did not visit Seyne but included … in December 1692. He advocated surrounding the external medieval tower by a citadel connected to the ramparts of the … of the main tower collapsed and was only repaired in 1784-1785 with a lower parapet. Another restoration programme …

… Port-Louis History and description A town of medieval origin, Port-Louis, which was originally called … was very negative, but he considered that the site itself compensated for the weakness of the port defences, which had … arsenal of the East India Company, created by Colbert in 1664. Thus, he limited the scope to the creation of a powder …

… à transformer l’enceinte urbaine et l’enclavement complet du château médiéval, construits en terre et … rempart bastionné. L’enceinte, maçonnée également, est composée de cinq fronts bastionnés et cinq bastions. C’est … durant cette période que Pignerol va aussi être utilisée comme prison par les rois de France Louis XIII et XIV. Ce …

… Belfort History and description Medieval town, the origins of which can be traced back to the … came into French hands under Louis XIV and Mazarin in 1648, following the treaties of Westfalia. Vauban got to work … into a citadel. This regularisation of the route was also accompanied by an expansion of the perimeter of the urban …

… The château de la Latte can be traced back to at least the 14th century. Besieged multiple times, it was burnt and … by transforming it into a coastal battery in 1691. The medieval keep was preserved, reused as a tower and inner …